Friday 22 November 2024
Nuuradiin Faarax (1978)
Turjumaadda Maxamed Buux (2024)
Hordhaca Turjubaanka
Maqaalkan Nuuradiin Faarax waxa uu qoray dagaalkii Ogaadeeniya markii Soomaaliya oo ku gacan sarraysa ay Raashiya iyo Kuuba soo taageereen Itoobiya, ee ay Soomaaliya jabtay 1978. Sida ka muuqata hadalkiisa waxa cad in ay jirtay cabsi laga qabo in ay gudaha u sii socdaan oo ay xeebaha Waqooyiga qabsadaan. Cabsidaas ayaa waxa uu ku xidhayaa sooyaalka dheer ee baadi goobka badda ee Itoobiya.
Itoobiya qarniyo badan waxa ay ahayd bulsho boqortooyooyin yaryar oo beeralay ah oo aan bad lahayn, bulshooyin ku dhisan dhulgoosi. Badda Geeska Afrika waxaa, min qarnigii 14 ilaa reer Yurub ka qabsadeen qarnigii 19aad, ka talinayay Turkida iyo Masaarida oo muslin ah, bulshooyin Soomaali, Canfar iyo Eretariyaan muslin u badanna deegaan ayay ku ahaayeen, Xabashida Kiristanka ahi waagaa badaba wey ka cabsan jireen, oo waxa ay ka baqayeen weerar muslimiintu dhankaa kaga soo qaadaan oo ku qabsadaan. Baaqyo badan ayay u direen quwadaha kiristanka ah, kuwaas oo ay ugu baaqayeen in ay muslinka badda ka qabsadaan oo ay maamulkeeda la wareegaan ama iyaga ku wareejiyaan, baaqyo kala duwan ayay reer Yurub oo dhan u direen, iyagoo waxyaalo kala duwan hadba mar ku andacoonaya. Markii reer galbeedku qabsadeen xeebaha ku hareeraysan Xabashida, kuma ay wareejin oo suuqa kaliya ee badahani u adeegi karaan waxa ay u arkeen in uu yahay Xabashida, markaa ka dibna waxa ay bilaabeen in ay badda ka hor joogsadaan, balse hub fiican oo ay isku ballaadhiyeen ayay reer Abisiiniya ka heleen Faransiiska.
Muddo dheer baddu Itoobiyaanka waxa ay u ahayd shay ay ku walfeen. Waxa ay u ahayd dhanka halistu ka jirto. Waxa ay u ahayd dhanka badhaadhahooda iyo badbaadadooduba jirto. Ka dib markii Qaramada Midoobay Eretariya iyo Itoobiya meher federaal ah isugu qabatay 1952, iyo boobkii xigay ee Itoobiya ku laashay federaalka 1962, halgan soddon sanno socday ka dib Eretariya way ka madax bannaanaatay Itoobiya. Mar kale Itoobiya waxa ay is heshay iyadoo bilaa bad ah; walaf taariikhi ah baa dib u galay. Soddon sanno bay bad raadinaysay, qoomamana way haysay, ay ku beertay Eretariyada ka gacan baxday, maantana yididiilo weyn baa ku jirta.
Haddaba, maanta jihada iyo jidka bad-doonkeedu ma aha kii shalay. Sooomaalidu way ka sii liidataa tii shalay. Dood baa taagan daarran damaca Itoobiya. Waa dood majarehabaabin ah, waxa loo baahan yahay in laga wada hadlaa, Soomaalidu ma heli karta sabab isku keenta oo ay ku wada noolaadaan.
Ernst Renan waxa uu sheegay in qaranimadu tahay “mabda’ ruuxi ah” oo ay isku hayaan laba dabar, “xasuus wadareed dheer oo la wadaago” iyo “rabitaanka ah in la wada noolaado”. Waxa aan maanta aragnaa Soomaalida ka doodaysa damaca Itoobiya in ay tahay mid ay kala durugtay xasuus wadareedkoodu oo aan sidoo kalena diyaar u ahayn ama aan rabinba in ay wada noolaato. Haddaba inta aan laga jawaabin damaca Itoobiya, Soomaalida maanta waxa hortaal in ay is weydiiyaan sidii ay u heli lahaayeen hab ay u wada noolaadaan iyo wax xasuus ah oo midaysa.
Turjubaanka, 2024
Fadlan, Baddu Xaggay Naga Xigtaa?
Qaybta I
Dib ma u daallacannaa qaybo xasuusteenna ka mid ah oo aynaan muddo dib u eegin? Haddaynu sidaa samayno maxaa aynu ka dheefaynaa? Waxa aynu ogaanaynaa in dagaallo loo galay gacan ku haynta Geeska Afrika iyo xeebteeda dheer. Waxaa inoo soo baxaysa in qarniyo badan ay isweydaaranayeen xooggaga qalaad oo isu daba marayay qabsashada iyo gumeysiga bulshada mandiqadda. Muddo quruun ah, Geesku waxa uu ahaa saaxad ay awoodaha waaweyni muruqooda ku soo bandhigaan, oo ay xeeladahooda dumblamaasi u adeegsadaan qabsashada iyo dib u qabsashada Geeska. Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta, Khadiifkii Masar ee ay wasiirradiisu maamuli jireen gabi ahaanba xeebaha Soomaalida iyo Eretariya, Talyaaniga, Faransiiska, Biritishka, Burtiqiiska (haba koobnaato inta ay mandiqadda joogeene). Wad uun tirada; ciddii awood ay wax ku gumeysato is biddayba way timid. Balse, maxaa waxan oo xeelad dublamaasi ah, ee dagaal ah loogu galayaa hanashada Geeska – maxay tahay sababtu? Yohaanis, Minilik, iyo Xayle Salaase ayaa soo dhukusaya iyagoo qiiqa isku qarinaya, codka hoos u dhigaya, labaclaynaya oo shanqar tiranaya. Waxaad ku arkaysaa wadiiqadaha dublamaasiyadda iyagoo waraaqo u diraya boqorrada Yurub. Waa kuwan hadda hub urursiga ku jira. Aynu dib uga joogsano oo isweydiino: maxay dagaallada maanta Geeska ka oogani kaga geddisan yihiin kuwii hore? Waxa hubaal ah in dagaalkan miigag ay dusha wax ka rushayn doonaan, oo awoodaha dunidu Itoobiyaanka 30 milyan ah u soo raaci doonaan Soomaalidda 3 milyan ah.
Waxa aan soo jeedin lahaa in aynu taariikhda diiwaanka gashan dib u eegno. Waxa aan soo jeedina lahaa in aynu boqorrada Itoobiyaanka u saamaxno in ay dhufayska ka soo baxaan, oo bal ay ujeeddadooda caddeeyaan. Waxa aan soo jeedin lahaa in aynu fiirsano Itoobiya marka ay iska siibayso taashka, oo aynu dhagaysano boqorradeeda oo hadallo iska soo horjeeda sheegaya. Horta, bal intaynaan sidaa yeelin, aynu isdiiddooyinkeena tirada badan xallino. Tusaale: ma jirtaa sabab Soomaaliya uga baqdo in Itoobiya (oo awoodo qalaadi taageerayaan, magacaad doontaba siiyoo) ay ku soo duusho Soomaaliya, iyadoo rabta inay qabsato Berbera iyo Seylac? Dhacdo caynkan oo kale ahi hore Geeska ma uga dhacday? Ma jirtaa dhacdo qofka ku riixi karta in uu rumaysto in ay Itoobiya ka suurtawdo bad boob? Adigoo iskaba ilaabaya Soofiyeetka iyo Kuubaanka iyo dagaalkii Ogaadeeniya, waa dhacdo ugub ah oo iyada ay dabada ka riixayeen aydhiyoolajiyado iyo tiknoolajiyadaha qarniga labaatanaad, balse, ma dhacday in Itoobiyi taariikhdeeda dhaw iyo teeda fogba ay adeegsatay awood qalaad si ay u qaadato dekad dhacda Geeska Afrika? Itoobiya marna ma ku qancisay awoodo kale in ay qabsadaan dekado ay leeyihiin dalal kale si toos ama si dadbanba? Marna ma qorshaysay in xeelad dublamaasiyeed iyadoo adeegsanaysa ay hesho saldhig badda ah? Warcelin si aan ugu helno weydiimahan, Itoobiya ayaynu u dhaafaynaa in ay bal aasheeda hadasho iyadoo ku hadlaysa afka boqorradeeda, imbaraadoorradeeda iyo oday dhaqameedkeeda.
Qaybta II
Shaawa waxay ahayd boqortooyo bartamaha Itoobiya dhacda, oo xajmi ahaan yar sida boqorkeeduba uu jidh ahaan u yaraa, balse, waxa uu ahaa boqor han weyn, cillinba hayska ahaadee; waxa uu ahaa nin leh damac ballaadhan oo aan la koobayn, sida biyaha badda. Shaawa qarniyo badan waxa ay ahayd boqortooyo yar oo go’doonsan oo ku dhex jirta buuraleyda kore, sida ubaxa dhagaxjabiyaha (saxifrage). Waxaa ku weegaaran boqortooyooyin uu xifaaltan kala dhexeeyo sida Goondhar, Goojaam, iyo ta u muhiisan oo ah boqortooyada Tigre. Dagaallo ayaa si joogto ah uga dhex qarxi jiray boqortooyooyinkan, dagaalladan oo cagaha u laabay dhidibbada nidaamkan dawladeed ee dhulgoosiga ku salaysan. Madaxda boqortooyooyinkan taariikhdu waxa ay bartay in haddii ay colaadi aloosanto cidda gacanta sare yeelanaysaa tahay cidda hub iyo taageerada reer Yurub haysata. Yohaanis, oo ahaa boqorkii Tigre ayaa tan caddayn u ah. Boqortooyadiisu waxa ay muddo ahayd tan ugu xooggan, muraad uu u fuliyay Biritishka wuxuu ku helay hub badan, waxaana loo ballan qaaday isticmaalka dekad uu kharash la’aan ku adeegsan karo.
Xeebuhu waligoodba waxa ay ku jireen gacanta dad kale, ha ahaadeen awoodo qalaad oo xoog ku qabsaday ama dadka deegaannada xeebaha dega sida Soomaalida, Canfarta iyo Ereteriyaanka. Dabadeed, waxa aynu arkaynaa boqorradan Abisiiniyaanka ah oo hadba xeelad isku dayaya, kolba qorshe hor leh la imaanaya, kol baryootamaya, kolna hanjabaya si ay xeeb u helaan. Waagii Turkida iyo Masaaridu ka talinayeen xeebaha Badda Cas, waxaynu aragnay iyagoo reer Yurub ugu baaqaya in Kiristaanimo lagu garab joogsado. Haddana waxaynu arkaynaa iyagoo sheeganaya dhul ayna lahayn, ka dib markii ay dawladihii Yurub diideen, sababo siyaasadeed awgood, in ay si lacag la’aan ah u isticmaalaan xeebta. Minilik, boqorkii Shaawa iyo Imberaadoorradii danbe ee dhulalkii la qabsaday ayaa soo saaray baaqyo ay ku qeexayaan xuduudaha yoolkooda riyada ah, iyagoo xumad iyo cadho sariirta la wadhan. Boqorradani, haddii uu yahay Minilik ama Yoohaanis, waxay ogaayeen in hantida ugu mudan ee boqortooyo yeelan karto ay yihiin xeeb iyo hub. Waxay aaminsanaayeen in kii hub haystaa uu fursad uu xeeb ku qabsadana haysto. Ka xeeb haystaana (ama ay midi u furan tahay, oo uu haysto oggolaanshaha awoodaha gumeysi ee reer Yurub) waxa uu haystaa fursad uu hub ku soo dejisan karo, taas oo ka caawinaysa in uu dhul ahaan is fidiyo.
Haddii aan laba boqor isku koobno, Yohaanis iyo Minilik, oo aynu eegno shaxda sida ay u degayeen, waxaynu ogaanaynaa in godka u muhiimsan uu yahay saaxiibtinimada awoodaha Yurubiyaanka, awoodahan oo boqorradan madaxa isugu garaaci jiray, hadba mar mid hub siin jiray, kan kalena ka xarrimi jiray. Awoodahan reer Yurub waxay boqorradan u fasixi jireen isticmaalka dekadaha iyagoon kala tashan dadka dega deegaannada xeebta ee Soomaalida, Canfarta, iyo Ereteriyaanka, kuwan oo laga ilaaliyay hanashada hub, oo aan sidoo kalena haysan xeelad iyo cid ka difaacda weerarrada boobka ah ee boqorradan Abisiiniyaanka ah. Abisiiniya labeenteedu ha ahaadeen amiirro ama boqorro e, waxa madax maray hadalhaynta baahida helidda dekad, tan oo ah wax hadalkooda ku soo noqnoqda, oo jiheeya siyaasaddooda dibedda – xeeb ayaa ah ereygooda ugu isticmaalka badan. Waxaynu taariikhda ku arkaynaa isagoo boqor walbaa isu geynaya xeeladihiisa oo dhan si uu ugu gaadho riyadiisa ah in uu cago dhigto xeebta Badda Cas, oo uu hanto xeeb iyo hub. Boqorradani si walba waxa ay reer Yurub ugu muujinayeen Kiristaanimadooda, iyagoo rejaynya in ay taa ku hantaan taageeradooda, oo buuraha ayay mucatab weyn saarayaan sidii oo ay tahay Noobiyad.
Waa kan Minilik oo leh:
Dalkaygu ka dheer dalkiina. Jidkaan u mari lahaa xeebta, muslin baa iga hor jooga, hadday tahay Seylac, Tajoora ama Cadan. Igaga gudban soo dejinta hub iyo agabkii falsamo iyo falasho ee uu dalkaygu u baahnaa. Wax kale iska dhaafe ergada Injiilku ma haystaan meel ay u soo maraan dalkayga. Waxaan codsanayaa in aad si naxariis leh codkiina awoodda badan iigu taageertaan, si bal jidka la iigu furo, waayo waxaan rabaa in aan dalkayga ka hir galiyo xadaaradda Yurub, fikirkeeda iyo fankeeda. [2]
Farriintan yar ee aan soo xigannay waxaa 1878 qoray Minilik oo markaa ahaa boqorka Shaawa. Waxaana ay ku socotay madaxda talisyadii markaa gadhwadeenka ka ahaa Talyaaniga, Faransiiska, Jarmalka, iyo Iglan. Muslimiintan uu sheegayo ee ka hor jooga baddu ma aha Soomaalida, ee waa Khaliifkii Masar ee maamulayay dhammaan xeebaha Soomaalida, sidoo kalena hayay furayaasha Baabal Mandabka, Xaafuun, Seylac, Berbera iyo Ogaadeeniya oo ay soo raacda magaalada Harar.[3] Minilik isaguna si la mid ah Yoohaaniska ay loollamaan oo ahaa boqorka Tigre, waxa ay ku adeeganayeen Kiristaanimadooda iyo xeelad wal oo dublamaasiyadeed oo ay awoodeen si ay u hantaan bad. Waxa ay tahay in hoosta laga xarriiqo in aanay xilligan sheegan magaalooyinka xeebta ku taxan midna. Waxaaba macquul ah in aan Minilik maqalba Muqdisho, Merka, Baraawe, oo ah saddex ismaamul magaalo oo ku caan ah ganacsiga, kuwaas oo dhaca xeebaha Soomaalida. [4] Balse, wuu ka war qabaa Seylac iyo Tajoora (oo midi dhacdo Soomaaliya tan danbena Jabuuti), sababtuna waxa ay tahay dekadaha magaalooyinkan ayaa ahaa halkuu kala soo degi jiray “hubka, agabka beeraha iyo falsamada iyo waliba ergada Injiilka.”
Isla dekadahan ayaa uu u isticmaali jiray dhoofinta waxsoosaarka dalkiisa.[5] Minilik markan wuxuu ahaa askari yar oo ay ku adeegtaan quwadaha adduunku, oo ka taliya qayb aan adduunka muhim ka ahayn. Wuxuu ahaa nin yar oo gaaban oo himilooyin waaweyn leh. Wuxuu ahaa xariif yaqaan sida loo xodxoto dawladaha Yurub. Warqaddii uu qoray waxa uu damacsanaa in ay awoodaha gumeysi ee Yurub ku taageeraan “codkooda awoodda badan”; ma rabin in ay taageeradiisa far u dhaqaajiyaan, kaliya codkooda ayaa uu aaminsanaa in ay ku filan yahay in uu ku helo xeeb Badda Cas ah. In uu si u eeg mucjisooyinkii nabi Muuso bad ku hanto ayuu rabaa, indha diimeed marka lagu eego, baddu waa quruxda baaxaddeedii, baddu waa balaayo bogga u jiifta! Haddaba, intaynaan dulucda hadalkiisa ka fogaan aynu isweydiino, maxaa ku riixaya quwadahan Yurubiyaanka ahi in ay caawiyaan Minilik? Maxay tahay waxa loogu xilanayo isaga?
“In kastoo dalkaygu kiina ka durugsan yahay, haddana Kiristan idin la mid ah ayaan ahay.” [6] Hadalku waa mid dabacsan, dalabku waa mid sahlan, ujeeddadu waa mid cad: Minilik kama rabo quwadahan Yurubiyaanka ah in ay dagaal la galaan Masaarida muslinka ah si ay badahan u qaataan ama isaga u siiyaan. Waxa uu ka rabaa kaliya in ay ku taageeraan codkaa awoodda badan, Kiristaanimo wadaagga ay yihiin awgeed.
Haddaba aynu halkaa ku dhaafno weedhan deelqaafka ah ee Minilik, oo aynu dib ugu noqonno taariikhda. Konton sanno ka hor intaan Minilik warqaddan aan soo xigannay u qorin madaxda Yurub, sannadku waa 1827. Goobtu waa Abisiiniya ama Itoobiya iyo boqortooyadii Tigre oo markaa ahayd boqortooyo muhim ah, iyo boqorkeedii Yohaanis oo xafiiltan kala dhexeeyay Minilik. Siyaasadaha bad-raadintu joogto ayay u ahayd boqorradan. Waa kan siyaasigii ugu firfircoonaa boqortooyada Tigre, Dejjazmach Sebagadis Weldu isagoo warqad u qoraya King George III taas oo uu ku leeyahay, “Dalkaygu hub ayuu u baahan yahay, taageerada Yurub oo kaliya uu ku heli karo, iyadoo naloo soo marinayo Mussawac.” [7]
Hub ayay rabaan mar kale! Mussawac oo Masaarida iyo Turkida oo muslin ahi haystaan in loo soo mariyo ayuu doonayaa. Haddaba sidee in laga yeelo qolyahan meesha haysta ayaa uu soo jeedinayaa Dejjazmach Weldu? “Waxaan rabnaa in aad Mussawac ka qabsataan Turkida oo aad idinku gacanta ku haysaan ama annaga nagu soo wareejisaan, marka horeba annagaa lahayn oo na laga qaadee, muslimiinta Badda Cas sidoo kale annaga hana hoos yimaaddaan.” [8]
Waa isla caqabaddii iyo baahidii Minilik haysatay, balse jidka ay rabaan inay u maraan ayaa kala duwan. Dejjazmach go’aan cad ayuu qaatay. In kastoo uusan sheegan lahaanshaha badda (Yohaanis isna ma sheegan sidaan u iman doonno). Kamana hadal bulshada xeebaha degta. Minilik waxa uu rabay in jidka loo furo, balse Dejjazmach waxa uu soo jeedinayaa in taliska King George qabsado xeebta dabadeed isagu maamulo ama iyaga ku wareejiyo. Waxaa mudan in la xuso inaan haldoorka boqortooyada Tigre marna soo hadal qaadin xeebaha Berbera iyo Tajoora – sababtuna waxay u badan tahay in aysan hore u isticmaalin. In kastoo sannado ka dib boqor Yohaanis waraaqo ay isweydaarsadeen janaraal Gordon oo ergay Biritisha ahaa uu ku sheegay, in ay suurta gali weydo in ay qabsadaan xeeb, oo ay qancin lahayd boqorka Tigre haddii la siiyo xeeb uu dekad ka dhigto. [9]
Qaybta III
Mar kale aan Minilik dib ugu laabano!
Minilik ma hanan riyadiisii ahayd in uu helo bad. Waxaa maamul-magaalooyinkii xeebaha Soomaalida qabsaday Talyaaniga. Meelaha uu qabsaday waxa ka mid ah Saldanadihii Hobyo iyo Majeerteeniya iyo dhamaan xeebaha koonfurta. Xeebaha Tajoora iyo Obokh Faransiiska ayaa la wareegay. Xeebaha Berbera iyo Seylacna Biritishka. Mussawac iyo Cassab sidoo kale Talyaaniga ayaa qaatay. In aanuu ilaa hadda helin meel uu biyaha badda cagaha ka galiyo tiiraanyo weyn ayay ku noqotay Minilik. Himiladiisiina wuu ku hungoobay.[10]
Qaybta IV
Ciil baan u dhimanayaa, waayo ilaa hadda ma helin riyadaan u hawl galay. Waxaan ahay maxbuus ku xukuman xadhig uu ku waarayo, waxaan ahay mid laga xarrimay in uu dalkiisa keensado qoryo, madaafiic iyo shaqaale.[11]
Waa rejabeel, balse waxa uu galay dagaallo badan oo uu dhammaan ku guuleystay. Waxa uu xoog ku qabsaday Harar. Fikrad baa ku soo dhacday ula ekaatay in ay badda soo dhaweynayso. Faransiiska ayuu ula tagay. Waxa uu codsaday in dekad loogu beddelo Harar oo uu dhawaan qabsaday.[12] Faransiiska codsigu uma cuntamin. Balse, fikrad kale oo isu tanaasul iyo kala ganacsi ku salaysan ayay soo jeediyeen. Waxa ay u soo jeediyeen in ay ka iibin doonaan hubka uu u baahan yahay oo dhan, haddii uu dekadaha Faransiisku haysto oo kali ah uu u adeegsado wixii dalkiisu dhoofinayo iyo wixii uu la soo degayo.[13]
Faransiisku aad buu uga gadi jiray hubka dalalka la gumeysto, dhaqaale wanaagsanna wuu ka samayn jiray. Arthur Rimbaud waxa uu waraaqo uu qoray ku sheegay in ay Minilik ka gadeen hub tiro ahaan gaadhaya 24,000 oo qaybaha hubka isugu jira.[14] Talyaaniga ayaa Ingiriiska uga cawday hubkan tirada badan ee Faransiisku ku harqiyay “qarankan cawaanta ah”.[15] Minilik isna waxa uu bilaabay dhul ballaadhsi aan wax celiya lahayn. Hubka tirada badan ee uu Faransiiska ka gatay waxa uu siiyay gacanta kore, bulshooyinka ku xeeranna mid ka xooggan ayuu ka dhigay, bulshooyinkan oo Talyaanigii iyo Ingiriiskii haystay ka mamnuuceen hanashada hubka. Sidoo kalena yur kama ay odhan horarka waax-waaxda u goosanaya. Marka uu dhul qabsadaba derajo ayuu sheeganayay, boqor ayuu ugu horrayn isu caleemo saaray, haddana boqorka boqorrada, haddana Imbaraadoor. Halka reer Abisiiniya ku hubaysnaayeen hubka ugu casrisan, Soomaalida hubka waa laga hor istaagay, oo iskama ay dhicin karayn dulmiga Minilik, cid wax ka dhicisana ma ay haysan.[16] Wuu fashilmay qorshihii Gordon uu Abisiiniya bad ugu raadinayay, Minilikna waxa uu ku qasbanaaday in uu Jabuuti u isticmaalo ganacsiga dibedda ee dalkiisa iyo la soo degista hubka.[17] Dagaallo dheeraad ah ayaa uu galay, ballanno dheeraad ah na wuu helay. Goobihii dagaalka wuu ku raayay, Shaawana wey kortay. Minilik waxa uu qabsaday boqortooyooyinkii ku hareeraysnaa. Cillinkii derajooyin baaxad leh ayuu isa siiyay, dhulalkii uu qabsadayna Kiristaanimadii ayuu ku fidiyay, boqortooyadiisiina Itoobiya oo dhan ayuu ku baahiyay isaguna waxa uu isa saaray taajka Imbaraadoornimada.
Dhanka kale Yohaanis oo laftiisu Imbaraadoor ahaa, waxa aynu arkaynaa in uu si la mid ah dhammaan boqorrada iyo amiirrada Tigreega ahaa mid ay ka go’an tahay qabsashada magaalo xeebeed. Waxa aynu ka haynaa in uu yidhi; “Mussawac in aan rug ku yeesho ma rabo, ee dhammaanteed ayaan rabaa in aan qaato.” [18]
Haddana waraaqaha uu Yohaanis u qorayay Boqorod Victoria waxa ka muuqatay is miskiimin.[19] Waraaqihiisu waxa ay u dhignaayeen sidan: ammaan dheer ka dib, iyo sheegista in ay yihiin walaalo isku Kiristan ah, waxa uu sheegayaa in aanu waxba ka qabin in uu Biritishka la qaybsado degmooyinka xeebta ee diin laawayaasha, balse aanu oggoleyn in labadoodaa cidi saddexayso.[20] Yohaanis nasiib darradiisa reer Yurub dhabarka ayay u jeediyeen, waxay karheen codsigiisa faraha badan ee uu badda ku doonayo.
Yohaanis iyo Minilik waxa dhexdooda ahaa dagaal aanay wali ku kala guuleysan. Mar ayaa uu Talyaanigu Minilik u soo bandhigay 5,000 oo qori, oo uu shuruud uga dhigay in uu ku weeraro Imbraadoor Yohaanis, markuu jebiyana ay qaybsadaan dhulka laga qabsan doono.
Qodobkan Minilik aynu ku soo xidhno odhaahdiisan:
Hadii aanan Tajoora dhanka badda ka qabsan karin, iguma adka in aan dekaddeeda ka soo weeraro dhanka barriga, anigoon wax iska caabbin ah la kulmin, waxaanan rejaynayaa in Yurubta ilbaxa ahi ii caddaalad samayso oo muraadkayga ii saamaxdo…
Meel danbena waxa uu ku sheegay isla warqadan: “Waxaan rejaynaynaa in boqortooyadayadan korraysiisa Kiristaanimadu aanay u jabin Muslimiinta.” Waxa uu ku sii daray, “haddii aad dhab ahaan tihiin difaacayaasha Kiristaanka, maanta ayay tahay in aad taa caddaysaan.” [21]
Qaybta V
Markay timid qaybsashadii Afrika, Itoobiya waxa loo jaray qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya. Balse, lama siin wax xeeb ah. Waxaan dib u arkaynaa Yurubiyaankii oo u baahan sida ayaxa iyo Itoobiyaankii oo ka daran. Boqortooyadii Minilik weli waa bilaa bad. Waxaa bilaabmaysa kala sheegashada iyo boobka xeebaha iyo biyaha Afrika, Khartuum, harada Nayaasa, Sambuura, badweynta Hindiya, xeebta Badda Cas – boob aan dhammaad lahayn ayaa bilaabmay.
Qaybta VI
Mar kale, Minilik iyo 1891. Tani waa warqad caan ah oo uu u diray dawladaha Biritishka, Talyaaniga, Jarmalka, iyo Qaysarkii (czar) Ruushka. Waxaan dareemaynaa isbeddel ku yimid codkiisa iyo laftiisaba, isbeddel ku yimid habka uu u dhigayo codsiyadiisa. Waa warqad dheer oo uu ku xusayo oo uu ku faahfaahinayo xuduudaha Itoobiyada (riyadiisa). Faallada ku saabsan warqaddiisan halkaa aan ku ekayno, oo bal isaga aan dhagaysanno: “Itoobiya waxa ay afar qarni ahayd jasiirad ay ku hareeraysan tahay badweyn cawaan ahi.” [22] Cod kalsooni iyo ka go’naansho leh ayaa uu warqadda ku soo gudbinayaa, waxa uuna hoosta ka xarriiqayaa dagaalladii loo galay maamulka magaalada Harar, ee qarnigii shan iyo tobnaad, kaas oo kala dhexeeyay dagaalyahankii Soomaaliyeed ee Axmed Guray. [23] Digtooni bal ku dhagayso sheegashadiisan: “Xuduudka Itoobiya waxa uu ahaan jiray badda, balse waxaa naga qabsaday muslimiinta.” [24]
Hoosta waxaan ka xarriiqaynaa in u uusan ilaa hadda magacaabin badda xuduudda u ahaan jirtay. Goorma ayay xuduudda Itoobiya badda ku ekayd? Badduna waa tee? Haddaynu sheegashadiisan aqbalno xataa, goorma ayaa muslimiintu ka qabsadeen xeebta? Cawaanta ku xeerani se waa ayo? Ma Soomaalidaa? Ma Oromadaa? Ma Eretariyaankaa? Ma waxa uu u qaatay masuuliyadiisa Kiristaanimo in ay tahay in uu gaadhsiiyo nuurka Ciise bulshooyinka gaalada ah ee xeebaha? Wax warcelin ah oo weydiimahan daarran kama hayno Minilik, balse waxa aynu ognahay ujeeddadiisu waxa ay ahayd:
Haatan, ma rabno in aan xoog ku qabsanno xeebtayadii xuduudda noo ahayd, balse, waxa aan ku kalsoonahay quwadaha Kiristanka ah ee hanuunka Ciise u hoggaansan, in ay noo soo celin doonaan xeebtayada… guud ahaan ama qayb ahaanba. [25]
Waxa aynu aragnay isagoo sheegaya in uu Tajoora dhanka badda ka soo weerari karo, ama dekadda uu ka qabsan karo dhanka barriga, balse aanu sidaa yeelayn, waayo waxa uu ku kalsoon yahay in ay u caddaalad samayn doonaan reer Yurubka ilbaxa ahi oo xaqiisa siin doonaan: “Waxa aan ku kalsoonahay quwadaha Kiristanka ah ee hanuunka Ciise u hoggaansan, in ay noo soo celin doonaan xeebtayada… guud ahaan ama qayb ahaanba.” Balse, awoodahan waxa hagayaa ma aha hanuunka Ciise, ee waxa hagayaa waa danahooda gumeysi. Walaaltinimada kiristaanimo waxa ay goysaa ma isticmaalka dekadda Jabuuti oo kaliya baa? Sidii in uu ku jiifo sariirta geerida ayaa uu ku calaacalay: “Haddii uu Eebbe awood i siiyo, waxaan soo celin doonaa xuduuddii qadiimka ahayd ee Itoobiya, ee dhererneyd Khartuum iyo ilaa harada Nayaasa, dhammaan Oromada ka dhex leh dhulkaasna waxaan hoos keeni doonaa Itoobiya.” [26]
Waxa jiray waxyaabo kale oo qaldanaa, maangalnimadana ka baxsanaa oo uu ku andacooday. Waxa jiray goobo kale oo ku xusay gudaha warqaddiisan iska daba wareegaysa, markuu qeexayay xuduudaha Itoobiya. Malaha isagoo ay madax martay xumadda isballaadhinta Itoobiya ayaa uu xuduudiisa ku darsaday Arafle, Harooyinka Sambura iyo Nyanza. Wabiyada Mareb, Arated, Atabar iyo Setet. Iyo Khartuum. Balse, ilaahay ma siin awood uu ku qabsan karo Khartuum, caasimadda Jamhuuriyadda Suudaan. Mana qaadan harada Nyanza, balse waxa uu qabsaday dhul ballaadhan oo Geeska Afrika ah oo uu ku jiro gobolkii Soomaaliyeed ee Harar. Intaa ka dib wax badan isma beddelin, ilaa geeridii Minilik ka dib uu saaxadda siyaasadda ku soo biirayo Xayle Selaase.
Qaybta VII
Xayle Selaase waxa uu caddeeyay in uu yahay mid xariif ku ah siyaasadda iyo shaxda dublamaasiyadda. Waa kan isagoo 1948, warqad ka hor akhrinaya Qaramada Midoobay:
Intaan reer Yurub tartanka u galin qaybsashada qaaradda Afrika, Itoobiya waxa ay lahayd xeeb ballaadhan oo dhereran Badda Cas ilaa badweynta Hindiya. Itoobiya waxa ay xeebta ka qataneyd kaliya 15-kii sanno ee u danbeeyay ee qarnigii 19-naad, ka dib markii laga qaaday Soomaalilaan iyo Eretariya. Ugu horrayn Talyaaniga ayaa ka qabsaday Mussawac 1885. Waxa xigtay oo awood lagu qabsaday Banaadir iyo aagagga dhulka Soomaalida. Sidoo kale waxa jiray heshiisyo isdaba taxan oo Itoobiya khuseeyay oo aan Itoobiya lagala tashan. Xaaladahan ayaa heshiisyo lagu gaadhay 1880, 1890, 1891, iyo 1894. [27]
Waxa laga yaabaa in Soodaanta iyo dalalka ku xeeran Harada Fiktooriya ay qodobkan nefis ku heleen, maadaama oo uu ka tanaasulay sheegashadii Itoobiya ee Khartuum iyo Harooyinka Nyanza iyo Sambura, balse Soomaalida waxa ay u ahayd war dhiillo leh. Waxa uu faraha ku fiiqay Banaadir, haddana xeebta Badda Cas ee Biritish Soomaalilaan iyo xeebta Soomaalida ee badweynta Hindiya iyo Eretariya.
Horta goorma ayaa Itoobiyaanka laga qaaaday xeebaha Badda Cas iyo badweynta Hindiya, ma waxa ay ahayd qarnigii 14aad mise kii 15aad (sida uu ku dooday Minilik-gii 1891)? Mise waxa Itoobiya laga soo ooday badda 15-kii sanno ee u danbeeyay qarnigii 19aad (sida uu ku dooday Xayle Selaase)? Maadaama oo uu Imbaraadoor Xayle Selaase ka hor hadlayay golaha calmaaniga ah ee Qaramada Midoobay wuu iska reebay sheekadii hore ee Minilik mar walba carrabka ku hayn jiray ee daarranayd Kiristaanimada/badbaadiyaha. Arrinta maankayga ku mudani waa sida hoggaamiyayaasha Itoobiya ay ugu walfeen qadiyadda badda iyo helidda xeeb. Hoggaamiye kasta iyo sida uu uga hadli jiray arrimaha biyaha sidan ayaan u tixi karnaa.
Minilik: a) Jidkaan u mari lahaa xeebta Seylac, Tajoora ama Cadan; b) Haddaanan Tajoora ku qabsan karin weerar dhanka badda ah, dekadda waxaan ku qabsan karaa weerar dhanka barriga ah; c) xuduuddii Itoobiya ee qadiimiga ahayd waxa ay ahayd badda; d) xuduudahayaga xeebaha badda; e) Noo soo celiya xeebtayada badda; f) waa in aan dib u soo celiyaa xuduuddii qadiimiga ahayd ee Itoobiya oo dherernayd Khartuum (Niilka) ilaa Harada Nyanza; waxa muhim ah in hoosta laga xarriiqo magacyada goobaha ee xigashooyinka ku jiraa: in ay yihiin magaalooyin xeebta dhaca, magaca webi, magaca haro ama deegaan leh muhiimad istaraatiijiyadeed.
Yohaanis/Weldu: a) Waxaan rabaa Mussawac; b) qabiilooyinka cawaanta ah ee xeebaha dega...; c) waxaan rabnaa inaad Mussawac qabsataan…; d) …inay quwadaha Yurub naga caawiyaan qabsashada Mussawac…; e) … xeeb aan hawlahayaga dhoofin iyo soo dejin noo buuxisa ma rabno, mid aan annagu leenahay baan rabnaa…; f) …muslimiinta xeebta Badda Cas…
Imikana Xayle Selaase: a) Xuduudaha Itoobiya waxa ay dhereran yihiin xeeb dheer oo taxan badda cas ilaa badweynta Hindiya; b) Itoobiya waxa ay bad beeshay kolkii laga qabsaday Soomaalilaan iyo Eretariya! c) Banaadir (xeebaha Soomaaliya); d) Mussawac.
Ardayda baratay aragtiyaha Freud waxa u muuqanaysa tilmaamo soo gudbinaya khariirad muujinaysa duunka hoose ee boqorradan Itoobiyaanka iyo sida ay ugu walfeen biyaha.
Qaybta VIII
Itoobiya waxa ay u jeelka qabtaa waa xeeb, dhanka ay doonto ha jirtee; ha noqoto xeebta Eretariya ama Banaadir. Itoobiya waxa ay u bugtaa waa marin biyood, ha noqdo marin biyoodkaasi xeebaha Soomaalida ama Eretariya, ha noqdo Harada Nyanza (Victoria) ama Niilka. Sannadba sannadka ka dambeeya, madaxdu haddii ay is beddasho oo nidaamku is beddelo oo xukuumaduhu is beddalaan waxa aan is beddelayn waa baahida Itoobiya u qabto in ay hanato bad iyo marin biyood, sida ay doonto ha isku khilaafto sheegashadoodu, sida ay doonto ha u sheegaan taariikho aan la xaqiijin karin. Dadaal kasta oo ay muujiyeen, ballanqaad kasta oo ay heleen, heshiisyo kasta oo ay galeen, bad way ku heli waayeen. Itoobiya lafteedu markii ay gashay gacanta gumeysiga Talyaaniga. Waagii Dagaalkii labaad ee Dunida, Talyaaniga waxa uu ahaa dhanka guuldarraysanaya, Xayle Selaase waxa uu dalbaday taageerada ciidamada cirka ee Biritishka kuwaas oo kor kaga soo daadiyay deegaamadii uu haystay gumeysiga Talyaanigu waraaqo ay ku dhigan tahay borobagaando loola dan lahaa deegaanadii ku jiray gacanta gumeysiga Talyaaniga, waxaana ku dhignaa:
Bulshada Eretariya iyo bulshada reer Banaadirow! Waxa laydinka gooyay hooyadiin oo Itoobiya ah. Waxa aad gasheen oo ilaa hadda aad ku jirtaan gacanta cadawga.
Waxa aan halgan ugu jiraa in aan soo celiyo madaxbannaanida dalkayga, oo ay qayb ka tahay Eretariya iyo Banaadir, kuwaas oo dadkoodu hadda ka dib hadhsan doonaan hadhka calanka Itoobiya.
Halgankan kali kuma nihin mana faro madhnin. Waxaa nagu taageeraya Biritishka, sidaa daraaddeed waxa aan idiinku baaqayaa in aad iska dhicisaan gumeysiga qalaad…
Askarta Eretariyaanka ee ku jira ciidanka Talyaanigow, hubkiina ha ku ridina ciidamada Biritishka ee u socda in ay ina caawiyaan. [28]
Goorma ayaa ay Soomaaliya qayb ka ahayd Itoobiya, goorma ayaa Banaadir waligeed qayb ka noqotay Abisiiniya? Xayle Selaase waxa uu ku qeexay xigashadan kore ujeeddadiisa, waxa aynu sidoo kale ku ogaanay in ay si toos ah Biritishku uga qayb qaateen taageeradiisa si uu u soo celiyo madaxbannaanida dalkiisa. Haddaba, markii uu dagaalku dhammaaday Biritishku waxa ay ku sii nagaadeen deegaannadii ku hoos jiray gumeysiga Talyaaniga iyagoo kor joogtaynayay, waxaa deegaannadan qayb ka ahaa deegaannadii dhulka Soomaalida ee Talyaanigu ka talinayay (Italian Somaliland), Ogaadeeniya, deegaannadii Biritishku laftoodu hore u haysteen ee (Biritish Somaliland), dhulka Soomaalida ee Kiiniya iyo Eretariya. Markan ayaa aad loo hadal hayay in dhammaan bulshada Soomaalida lagu mideeyo calan keliya. Markii ay taasi guuldarraysatay waxa lagu heshiiyay in Soomaaliya iyo Eretariya oo Talyaanigu gumeysan jiray la hoos geeyo wasaayada Qaramada Midoobay. Fikraddan Xayle Selaase ma jeclaysan, oo waxaa ku soo doogtay baahidii uu u qabay badda. Waxa uu arkay isagoo la weydaarinayo xeebihii Badda Cas iyo badweynta Hindiyaba. Waraysi laga qaaday waxa uu ku sheegay in ay tahay Eretariya in la siiyo Itoobiya. [29]
Weynu soo aragnay sida boqorradii ka horreeyay hadalka u dhigeen, isaguna waxa uu lahaa waad xasuusataan, ujeeddadu waxa weeyi hadda Eretariya qaado, Banaadirna ha kuu danbayso. Balse, maxaa dhacaya haddii Eretariya la siin waayo? Eretariya iyo Soomaaliya toona iskood uma jiri karaan ayaa uu Xayle Selaase ina leeyahay.[30] Ka warran haddii aan midna la siin…
Itoobiya waxa ay ku qasbanaan doontaa si ay u sugto jiritaankeeda, in ay dhisto ciidamo qalab sida, waxa ayna u adeegsan doontaa maalgalinta ciidamadan dhaqaale ay caadi ahaan ku kharash garayn lahayd horumarka bulshada Itoobiya, Eretariya iyo Soomaalilaan.[31]
Ugu danbayn Xayle Selaase waxa uu beddelay dalabkii dalkiisa, Eretariya wey hoos tagi kartaa wasaayada Qaramada Midoobay haddii Itoobiya loo xilsaaro maamulka dalka. Halka ay Soomaaliya gashay gacanta wasaayada Talyaaniga iyo QM oo wada socda. Ka dib federaal macmal ah oo u dhexeeya Itoobiya iyo Eretariya, 1962 ayaa Xayle Selaase laalay federaalkii oo Eretariya ka dhigay qayb ka mid ah Itoobiya, iyada iyo dekadaheedii Mussawac, Casab iwm. Ugu danbayn Itoobiya dekad ayay heshay.
Qaramada Midoobay oo aan halkan rabo in aan ku magacaabo in ay tahay “Munaafaqadda qorshaysan” [32], way ka soo horjeedsadeen in Itoobiya sidaa yeesho. Halka taliska Xayle Selaase uu si faahfaahsan u daraaseeyay sida ugu macquulsan ee ay Jabuuti ku qabsan karaan, waana taariikh dhow oo aynaan imika gudo gali karin.
Qaybta IX
Mengustu waxa uu shir jaraa’id dhawaan ku yidhi: “Itoobiya way difaacanaysaa marinkeeda Badda Cas, xataa haddii baddani la sii casaanayso dhiigga ay Itoobiya u qubayso.” [33]
Dagaalka xeebta loogu jiraa wuu sii soconayaa, dagaalkan oo ah mid soo bilaabmay qarniyo ka hor. Mengustu wada xaajood nabadeed ma la gali doonaa Soomaalida iyo Eretariyaanka oo ah bulshooyinka deegaanka ku ah xeebta? Mise waxa uu qaadi doonaa raadadkii Sebagiss (“Waxaan rabnaa in aad Mussawac ka qaaddaan Turkida oo aad annaga nagu wareejisaan.”) Yohaanis (“Ma rabo kaliya in aan rug ku yeesho Mussawac – waxaan rabaa Mussawac lafteeda”). Minilik (“Haddii Eebbe awood ii siiyo, waxaan soo celin doonaa xuduuddii qadiimka ahayd ee Itoobiya, taas oo dherernayd min Khartuum ilaa iyo Nyanza Victoria…”, ama “Haddii aanan Tajoora ku qabsan karin weerar dhanka badda ah, igu ma adka in aan dekedda weerar kaga soo qaado dhanka barriga.”) ama Xayle Selaase (“Waxaa lanaga ooday dhabbadayadii badda ka dib markii lanaga qaaday dhulka Soomaalida iyo Eretariya”). Waxa ay sheegaan in taariikhdu isa soo celiso, balse aniga ilama aha; mushkiladdu waxa ay tahay innaga ayaan la iman caqliyad cusub.
Mengustu isna ma ka dalban doonaa Ruushka iyo Kuubaanka in ay qabsadaan dekedaha Seylac iyo Berbera, oo ay iyagu gacanta ku hayaan ama ku wareejiyaan Itoobiya? Raashiya waabay jeclaan lahayd in Berberi mar kale gacanteeda ku soo laabato.
Intaa dagaalku waa uu socdaa, duniduna waxa ay ku daawanaysaa danayn la’aan.
Tixraacyo:
[1]. Ken Kesey. Sometimes a Great Notion, (London: Penguin, 1977). Nuruddin Farah is a novelist based in Rome, Italy.
[2]. F.0. 407/11 Menelik, December 1878. Cited in Richard Pankhurst. Economic History of Ethiopia, (Addis Ababa: Haile Sellassie University, 1968), pp. 101-2.
Foreign Office Handbook (British Somaliland 1920) p. 20.
Cfr Robert L. Hess, Italian Colonialism in Somalia, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966, pp. 6—12
[5]. Cfr Thompson & Adloff, Djibouti & the Horn of Africa, Stanford: Stan· ford University Press (1968) pp. 3-11.
[6]. F.O. 407/11 Menelik. See Pankhurst, op.cit. p. 101. Text given here is re-phrased by author in order to avoid verbosity and monotony.
[7]. Sven Rubenson, Survival of Ethiopia’s Independence (Heinemann 1976).
[8]. Ibid Also text given p. 314 reads: “We hope you will take the port Massowen and give it up to us or keep it in Your Majesty’s possession. See below, No. J9.
[9]. Ibid., passim pp. 335-39.
[10]. The European powers’ interests in holding onto the coast-line each had conquered intersected and, at times, encountered like the hus routes of a grand metropolis. A. Menelik or a Yohannis or a Tewodros would be given a bus ride from a given terminus and would be dropped mid-way. The services of ports and sale of fire-arms would be offered. But before they got to getting a strip of territory on and of the coast, the bus would stop and drop.
[11]. Rubenson, ap.cit. pp. 345-46.
[12]. Enid Starkie, Arthur Rimbaud in Abyssinia (1937), p. 48 (cited in Somali Peninsula,
Mogadiscio 1962, p. 23).
[13]. Ibid., p. 107, source same as above, Somali Peninsula, p. 26
Ibid., p. 91, vide Somali Peninsula.
Ibid., pp. 108-9, vide Somali Peninsula p. 26
Silberman, L., Cahiers Etude Africaine Vol. II (1961), p. 55, concerning Italy’s forbidding the Somalis to arm themselves against the Abyssinian raids. Also see Red Sea Papers: Indian Office to Foreign Office No. 16, of 1893 regarding Britain’s forbidding the Somalis against the same. The Abyssinians came, robbed and raped and returned. The Somalis remained unarmed until the Somali warrior Sayyid Mohamed comes on the scene a decade Or so later. Is it not a historical irony that Somalia today is again unarmed while Ethiopia is armed to its wisdom teeth?
“Fire-arms were the one European invention most eagerly seized on” by Menlik and other Abyssinian kingdoms, according to Christopher Clapham, Haile Sellassie’s Government, London: Longman, 1969. Aware of the importance of firearms, he imported them in huge numbers both from the French in the Gulf of Tajura and from the Italians who, for a while, regarded him as an ally against Yohannis (See Clapham, op. cit. p. 13). Worth studying also is Richard Pankhurst in particular his chapter on the importation of arms etcetra, ap.cit., note no. 2.
W. Winstantly, A visit to Abyssinia: An Account of Travel in Modern Abyssinia (London 1888) quoted in Rubenson op.cit., p. 341.
F.O. 95/379 No. 297, Yohannis to Victoria, May 2, 1879. During this time when negotiations through Gordon were underway, we learn that Ras Alula, Yohannis’ most
outstanding general, appears to have decided “to take Massawa.” He was reported to have said
that he wouldn’t return to Tigre until he had “watered his horse in the Red Sea.” (Vide Rubenson op.cit., p, 342.) And on another occasion Yohannis to Gordon: “You want peace,” he declared. “Well, I want retrocession of Metemma, Changallas and Bogos, cession of the ports of Zeyla and Amphilla, and Abuna and a sum of money from one to million pounds.” G. Birkbeck Hill, Colonel Gordon in Central Africa 1874-1879. p. 411-cited in David Mathew, Ethiopia, Greenwood Press, 1947, p. 213. Whereas, in an interview in 1849 with Tewodros, the King of Abyssinia, Consul Plowden “ventured to hint that the seacoast and Massawa might possibly be given up to him” ... “that the two countries (i.e. Abyssinia and Britain) should endeavour to keep open and secure avenues of approach between the sea-coast and Abyssinia.”
Charles Beke, The British Captives in Abyssinia (Longman” 1867), p. 276.
Rosetti, Stllria Diplomatica deU’Etiopia (Torino, 1910). p. 18.
F.O. 1/32 Abyssinia Diplomatic Correspondence. cited in Somali Peninsula op.cit.
Cfr Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia (1952); also l. M. Lewis, Pastrol Democracy (London 1961). These books give details about 16th century Harar, the capital of the Muslim Sultanate of Adal which once had its headquarters in Zeila.
F.O. 1/32 op.cit.
Ibid.
Ibid.
I.W.B. of October 20, 1948, para 15.
Sylvia & Richard Pankhurst, Ethiopia & Eritrea, Essex: Lalibela House. 1953, p. 23. Whereas Richard Pankhurst’s writing is scholarly and scientific, Sylvia Pankhurst’s is propagandistic. In her Ex-Italian Somaliland, for an instance, without blinking a
researcher/historian’s eyelash, she argues for the case of expansionist Ethiopia.
Ibid., p. 124. Emperor Haile Sellassie’s lobbying to acquire an outlet to the sea, in fact, went Out of proportion on occasion. While the General Assembly of the United Nations were in
session, discussing the issue of Eriterea’s and Somalia’s independence, “Roman Catholic
churches in the Negro quarter were also picketed with an appeal to their Negro congregations to use their influence to force the Pope to demand seaports for Ethiopia.” Sylvia and Richard Pankhurst op. cit. p. 218.
Sylvia and Richard Pankhurst, op. cit., p. 124.
Ibid, p. 124.
My apologies to Disraeli who originally used the phrase when referring to Conservative government pastiches.
Carriera della Sera (Edizione Romana), February 20
Warqad uu Imbaraadoor Minilik u qoray madaxda dawladaha Yurub sanadii 1891
10-kii Abriil, 1891
Waxa aan jeclaysanay in aan la wadaagno saaxiibadayada gadhwadeenka ka ah dawladaha Yurub xuduudaha Itoobiya, warqaddan ayaa aan kuu soo dirnaynaa (mudanaha weynanata iyo sharafta lahow).
Xuduudaha Itoobiya sidan bay u yaalaan:
Waxa ay ka bilaabmaysaa xuduuda Talyaaniga ee Carafaale, taas oo dhacda badda, xariiqu ka dib waxa uu u kacayaa galbeedka oo waxa uu kor marayaa bannanka Gegra ilaa Maahiya, Halaay, Digsa, iyo Guura dhanka korena Adibaaro. Laga soo bilaabo Adibaaro ilaa iyo halka ay iska gooyaan labada wabi ee Maarib iyo Carateed.
Halkanna xariiqu waxa uu uga fidayaa dhanka koonfureed oo waxa uu marayaa barta ay iska gooyaan wabiyada Catbara iyo Siteet, halkaas oo ay dhacdo magaalada loo yaqaan Tomaat.
Tomaat kolka laga yimaad xuduudku waxa uu kor marayaa Gedaarif ilaa Karkuuj iyo Niilka Buluuga ah. Karkuuj marka uu ka soo dhaqaaqo xariiqu waxa uu kasoo gudbayaa halka ay iska gooyaan wabiga Sobaat iyo Niilka Cad. Halkaana xuduudku waxa uu raacayaa Wabiga Sobaat oo waxaa soo hoos galaya dhulka Arbooradda, Gaallaha ilaa laga soo gaadhayo deegaanada Sambuuraha.
Dhinaca barigana xuduuda waxa soo hoosgalaya deegaanada Booraanta Gaallaha ah iyo Caruusida ilaa dhinaca ugu barisan ee dhulka Soomaalida oo uu qayb ka yahay Gobolka Ogaadeeniya.
Dhanka Waqooyina xariiqa xuduudka waxaa hoos imanaya deegaanada Habar Awal, Gadabursi iyo Soomaali Ciisaha ilaa uu soo gaadho Amboos.
Marka uu ka dhaqaaqo Amboos xariiqa waxa soo hoos galaya Harada Cassal, iyo gobolka taabacahayagii qadiimka ahaa Maxamed Canfari, dabadeed xeebta ayuu raacayaa ilaa uu dib ugu xidhiidhsamayo Carafaale.
Anigoo xuduudka haatan imbaraadooriyadaydu leedahay sugaya, waa in aan sidoo kale u hawlgalaa, haddii Eebe igu simo oo awood i siiyo, in aan dib u soo celiyo xuduudihii qadiimka ahaa ee Itoobiya oo ahayd min Khartuum ilaa Harada Nayaansa iyo dhamaan Gaallaha ka dhex leh.
Itoobiya waxa ay ahayd afar iyo toban qarni jasiirad Kiristan ah oo bartanka ugu jirta badweyn cawaan ah. haddii ay awoodo qalaadi dhul dheer uga soo baqooleen in ay Afrika qaybsadaan, qorshaha iiguma jirto in aan daawade aan dan ka lahayn ka noqdo.
Waxa aan aaminsanahay in Eebaha weyn ee ilaaladiisa maanta Itoobiya halkaa ku soo gaadhsiiyay uu xafidi doono oo mustaqbalka balaadhin doono xuduudaheeda. Waxaan hubaa in uusan ku ibtilayn doonin in ay u gacan gasho awoodo qaybsada.
Xuduuda Itoobiya waagii hore waxa uu ahaa badda. Balse waxa ay ku weyday oo uu muslimiinta u gacan galay, ka dib markii ay awood ay ku ilaashato weyday, taageerana ka heli weyday awoodaha Kiristanka ah.
Hadda yoolkayagu maaha in aan xuduudayadii badda xoog dib ugu qabsano, balse, waxa aan ku qanacsanahay in awoodaha Kiristanka ah, ee hanuunka Ciise hagaha u yahay, ay noo soo celin doonaan xuduudayadii badda, ama ugu yaraan qaybo ka mid ah.
Waxa Addis Ababa lagu qoray 14-kii Masiir, 1883 (10-kii Abril, 1891).
(Warqadan Amxaarik ayaa laga soo tujurmay)
Addis Ababa, 40-tii May, 1897.
Warqadan waxa ay ku socotay Biritan, Faraans, Jarmani, Itali iyo Raashiya.